Is The Death Penalty As Great As It Sounds. On May 4, 1990,

Is the Death Penalty as Great as it Sounds On May 4, 1990, convicted felon Jesse Tafero was executed in what arguably is the most inhumane way possible. Jesse Tafero was strapped into an electric chair. During his execution, his chair malfunctioned three times, resulting in flames that erupted from his head. He died there while officials watched, unable to do anything (Staff, History.com). The capital punishment, the death penalty, is a curse, not a gift. The death penalty should be abolished because there is the risk of killing the innocent, it does not reduce crime in the US, it’s too costly, and there are other alternatives to the punishment. The death penalty punishment is given to criminals who have committed dreadful crimes and is†¦show more content†¦Often times it can be difficult to find a usable vein and the prisoner is strapped to the execution chair awaiting death. (R. Bohm) The firing squad is the most cruel method of execution due to it’s gruesome scenes. The firing squad is the least preferred method of execution. It is used only in Utah and Oklahoma, and only if the lethal injection is not available or if the victim chooses it (Dieter 3). A doctor locates the heart and puts a white target over it, and soon after, executioners shoot the victim, aiming for the heart. If the executioners miss, and the heart of the victim is not shot, they will leave the victim to bleed to death (R. Bohm). Hanging is a dreadful way of execution because of many complications. Until the 1890’s, hanging was the primary method of execution. It is still used in Washington DC and Delaware, but it is secondary to the lethal injection. Each noose is unique due to the fact that it has to satisfy the person s body. The noose must be accommodated to different body types, weights, and heights in order for it to work. Often, the death is not quick, and the victim will remain alive for for about two to three minutes after the trapdoor is dropped. If the prisoner’s neck doesn’t snap, if their neck muscles are strong, if their weight is mismeasured, or if the rope isn’t tight enough, an inmate would die of loss of air. This is a dreadful scene that many would consider tooShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty3362 Words   |  14 Pagesaccepted and practiced the death penalty, otherwise known as capital punishment, for those who were found guilty of committi ng capital offenses. In today’s society there are mixed opinions on the subject. Capital punishment is argued by the people to be a just or an unjust way of sentencing someone who is found guilty of a capital offense. Many people argue that capital punishment is wrong, because there are many factors in a case that could be over looked. Since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976Read MoreThemes in the Writing of Edgar Allan Poe that Mirror his Personal Life1379 Words   |  6 Pagesclassmates. He removed his self from the college because of gambling debts. He marries his very young cousin Virginia Clemm when she was 13yrs old; she dies in 1847 from a long and hard battle with tuberculosis. After one year of his beloved wife death, he tries to commit suicide and has more of a weakness to drink. He was known to be unable to take even a little alcohol without a change of personality. Furthermore in the poem â€Å"the raven† the story is basically about a poor guy whose wife diedRead MoreEssay on Jury Nullification and Its Effects on Black America3918 Words   |  16 Pagesdiscrimination in the justice system because specific cases do not necessarily entail widespread discrimination. However, Butler does cite past and contemporary administration of the death penalty, disparities between punishments for white-collar crimes and punishments for other crimes, more severe penalties for crack cocaine users than for powder cocaine users, and the high rate of incarceration of African- American men.2 All arguments regarding Butlers thesis must be framed within the contextRead MoreRyan Stone . Mrs. Aikey . English 11 Honors, 6Th Hour.1566 Words   |  7 Pagesdrug possession and usage in the 1971 when president Nixon signed the Drug Prevention and Control Act. Through the years, many people have criticized the war for its failures, and others have commended it for its success. Some people want harsher penalties for drug usage and possession, while others want all drugs to become legal. Although the War on Drugs seems to be a solution to a hot button issue, it has many negative effects, including its ineffectiveness, increase in prison population, and highRead MoreEssay on America Needs Stricter Gun Control Laws1530 Words   |  7 Pagespiercing ammunition, that is nicknamed â€Å" cop killer bullets†. The Firearms Owners’ Protection Act eased the restrictions on gun sellers and the sales of some guns. Its added penalties for individuals using a firearm in certain crimes including people with robbery or burglary convictions w ho are illegally shipping guns. In 1990, the Crime Control Act was created. This established â€Å"drug-free zones†, Then we have those people who believe that owing a gun will protect themselves and/or family. HoweverRead MoreMy Voyage As A Learner : Get Connected1826 Words   |  8 Pagessensations’ learning. Not only because such approach enhances instant and long-term memorization but also assist in depth understanding along with implementations onto practical scenarios, therefore a good teacher, in a more technical sense, must be a sound performer or demonstrator rather than merely giving auditory lectures or presentations,[2] (Bond.L et al, 2000). in other words, a competent teacher , the progress indicator light which shows you the door and enlightens his/her audience how to walkRead MoreThe Deficit And Its Effect On The Next Decade2088 Words   |  9 Pagesthat we may expect to occur in the next decade. Unfortunately, as the Congressional Budget Office states, â€Å"Under current law, deficits will drop through 2015 but rise thereafter, boosting the already high federal debt, CB O projects. Economic growth will be solid in the near term, but unemployment will not drop below 6.0 percent until 2017† (2014). With the aforementioned statement, what will the deficit impact in the next decade? Feasibly one may conclude that when the deficit rises, so may other portionsRead More The Many Sides and Issues of Euthanasia Essay6306 Words   |  26 PagesSearles, who is a university law student. This study looks at the use of doctor assisted suicide which has rarely been looked at in Canada before. Legally and professionally euthanasia is prohibited, but doctors still, on occasion, perform it. The penalty for euthanasia is a maximum 14 year sentence. It is known that physicians, in rare occasions, perform the act but it is usually impossible to prosecute because of lack of evidence. The method used to collect the study was a 33 item questionnaire.Read MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 Pagesmean punishment. b. Logy was from the Latin word â€Å"logos†, meaning science. c. Penology distinguish from Penitentiary Science- Penology deals with the various means of fighting crimes as regards to penalties and other measures of security, while Penitentiary Science is limited only to the study of penalties dealing with deprivation of liberty. ï  ½ The Golden Age of Penology - the period from 1870 to 1880 was considered the golden age of penology because of the following significant events: ï  ± 1870- theRead MoreThe Drug Market For Drugs2654 Words   |  11 Pagescause of dispensing errors in the community pharmacies revealed that approximately 4 dispensing errors and 22 near misses usually occur for every 10,000 items that are dispensed (Pharmaceutical Journal 2009, p.307)). On average, it is estimated that a pharmacist makes a dispensing error each month (Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 2009, p. 111). Although not all the errors are severe enough to result in deaths or injuries, it is a fact that dispensing errors can so easily be made. Even the

A Eulogy for Macbeth - 953 Words

Macbeth Eulogy By Lady Macbeth Today, I stand before a nation in mourning, grieving the passing of its King, Macbeth. He shall surely be remembered in history as a noble and courageous soldier and leader who fought with a fierce loyalty and belief in Scotland. Although his reign was not trouble-free or lengthy, Macbeth inspired a unique and individual pride in his country and made every decision with careful thought, holding firmly to his ideals and principles to the very end. Scotland has lost a distinctive and unrivalled leader and those of us who knew him personally are now without a friend whose character shall always be remembered. If there is one word worthy of Macbeth, it is ‘courage’. He was a shining light on the†¦show more content†¦With a call of â€Å"blow, wind! come, wrack! At least we’ll die with harness on our back,† he took up arms and fought as boldly as he ever had. He proclaimed that â€Å"bear-like †¦ [he would] fight the course,† and as was his manner, he made his word true, dying as a soldier and gallant fighter. One thing is certain, and it is that Macbeth will never be forgotten by any assembled here or by the Scottish nation as a whole. His courageous deeds as a hero of the nation’s military shone with brilliance and glory, never to dull with the passage of time, and none could honestly say that his time as national monarch was a bland or typical reign. Although famed for his skills as both a warrior and a host, his personality ran much deeper; his deep thought and loyal devotion to his wife did not always result in prosperity or universal delight, but he nevertheless made much philosophical contemplation and was capable of recognising his own failings. God gave Scotland a king unlike any other, of a standard never to be seen again, and may he rest eternally in a peace he forsook in his earthly life. While we mourn Macbeth’s passing, we should take due time to consider his life and the actions and characteristics that typified it. Everyone, from fellow nobles to peasants ekin g a living from distant land, could surely learn valuableShow MoreRelatedCreative Eulogy for the Character Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth501 Words   |  3 PagesCreative Eulogy for the Character Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth Dearly beloved, we are gathered here today to honour a man who was amazing in so many ways. You may have known him since birth, as I have, or you may have only known him a brief time, but in any case, he touched your life. He touched many lives, some with his valiant courage and love, some with his kitchen knives. Although our dear friend Macbeth has passed from this world to the next, there is still much to be learnedRead MoreUsing Gmail With Screen Readers904 Words   |  4 Pagesco.nz - Win with travel insurance - You could win $20,000 if you buy TravelCare online from Southern Cross Travel Insurance in 2014. Print all In new window Macbeth rebuild final Inbox x haider janjua haider.i.janjua@gmail.com Attachments3:28 AM (5 hours ago) to me Attachments area Preview attachment Eulogy Rebuild (2).docx Word Eulogy Rebuild (2).docx Click here to Reply or Forward SCTI.co.nz - Win with travel insurance You could win $20,000 if you buy TravelCare online from Southern CrossRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare2081 Words   |  9 Pagesntroduction Macbeth is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare which was first performed in 1606. It discusses the effects that political ambition has on those who seek power. The play begins with the presentation of three witches. Macbeth and Banquo would meet these witches that would then give them their prophecies. Following the witches’ prophecies, Macbeth becomes overly ambitious for power and takes part in the killing of King Duncan, Banquo, and Macduff’s wife and children. The play comesRead More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Macbeth - Fates Triumph3045 Words   |  13 PagesFates Triumph in Macbeth       Shakespeare a fatalist in Macbeth? It would seem so, given the observation that the Macbeths capitulated totally to the evil suggestions of the witches. We shall clarify the concept of fate in this drama.    Blanche Coles states in Shakespeares Four Giants the place of Fate in Macbeths life:    Then, like a cog slipping naturally into its own notch, his thoughts turn to the Witches and their prophecy, and he concludes that he has defiled his mindRead More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Macbeth - Important Role of Fate3032 Words   |  13 PagesThe Concept of Fate in Macbeth      Ã‚   Literary critics disagree over the amount of leverage which fate exerted on the Macbeths in the Shakespearean drama Macbeth. Fate was quite influential, but it did not impair their free will; they remained free moral agents who ambitiously and voluntarily surrendered themselves to the evil suggestions of fate.    Macbeth: If Chance would have me king, why, Chance may crown me without my stir. A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy references FateRead MoreThe Literary Genius Of William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliette, Othello, King Lear, And Macbeth1953 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is an intriguing and well-known playwright and is considered to be the face of literature. Through the brainstorming of his greatest plays Romeo and Juliette, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, just to name a few, Shakespeare’s most famous play seemingly enough is Hamlet. This play is mostly evoked for its intrinsic worth however, it has its imperfections. Shakespeare will forever live on as the literary genius of the century because of the internal tragedies he endured that gaveRead MoreDeath of a Salesman-Is Willy a Modern Tragic Hero?2271 Words   |  10 Pagesto accept reality. Shakespeares heroes were motivated by high passions such as lust in Romeo and Juliet or ambition as seen in Macbeth, but Miller suggests that these are no more important or admirable than Willys det ermination to be well-liked. Willys mantra is that personality is the key to business, and we can see this admiration for Willy during Charleys eulogy in the requiem scene- Hes a man way out there in the blue, riding on a smile and a shoeshine. It is also Willys complete faithRead More DeVere or William Shakespeare? Essay2835 Words   |  12 Pageseven written by the same writer (Whalen 17). As many doubts as the life of Shakespere brings up, however, even more problems arise in looking at his death. Will Shakespere died in 1616, when he was buried in an unmarked grave without even a single eulogy to his name. At the time of his death, Shakespeares plays were famous and popular, yet no one seemed interested in the man who was associated with them by name (Michell 78). While this seems strange in itself, compared to deaths of other public

The Bear Minimum Free Essays

Big Bear Power is a public utility company that has posted strong financial results for several years. Big Bear has positive cash flow, and it is in compliance with all its debt covenants. Big Bear leases a combustion turbine from Goliath Co for a 10-year non-cancelable term. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bear Minimum or any similar topic only for you Order Now The lease agreement is signed on December 15, 2004 and Big Bear’s right to use the turbine begins on January 1, 2005. Various provisions and other facts from the lease are listed below. Big Bear pays Stipe, Berry, Mills and Buck LLP, its external legal counsel, $500K in connection with negotiating the lease agreement. Big Bear is also required to pay $1 million of legal fees incurred by Goliath Co. Provision 2 The stated default provisions in the lease include a provision that requires a penalty payment if Big Bear’s bank declares a default under its primary credit arrangement. Big Bear will be in default under the credit arrangement if there is a â€Å"material adverse change† in its financial condition. Material adverse change† is not defined in the loan documents. The Company believes the likelihood of default is remote. The bank has no relationships with Goliath Co. (Note: This is a customary provision in leasing arrangements. ) Provision 3 The lease agreement stipulates that Big Bear’s annual lease payments shall be $1 million per year, payable ratably over 12 months at the beginning of each month. For each calendar year of the term of the lease after 2005, Big Bear will pay minimum rent in an amount equal to $1 million increased (but not decreased) by the same percentage as the increase in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) from January 1 of the prior year until January 1 of each respective year. The most recent annual increase in CPI as of the inception of the lease was 4%. Required: †¢ For each provision presented, evaluate whether the costs or potential costs associated with the provision should be included in â€Å"minimum lease payments,† as defined in FASB Statement No. 13, Accounting for Leases. How to cite The Bear Minimum, Papers The Bear Minimum Free Essays Per your request, our group conducted research to determine whether costs or potential costs of the provisions of Big Bear Power’s lease of Goliath Co’s combustion turbine should be included in its minimum lease payments. We have provided a summary of the facts, our conclusion, the basis for our conclusion, and an analysis of possible alternatives to our conclusion as requested. Summary of the Facts Big Bear Power (the Company), a public utility company, is leasing a combustion turbine from Goliath Co. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bear Minimum or any similar topic only for you Order Now for a 10-year, non-cancelable term. The lease agreement was signed on December 15, 2004, and the company’s right to use the turbine starts on January 1, 2005. Big Bear Power has been financially strong for a number of years, has positive cash flow, and is in accordance with all of its debt covenants. The lease agreement contains three provisions, each of which has associated costs that may potentially need to be included in the calculation of minimum lease payments. The issue at hand is determining whether the costs in these provisions should, in fact, be included in minimum lease payments Conclusion Provision 1 Big Bear Power should not include the $500,000 negotiation fee in its minimum lease payments because, by definition, it is not an obligatory payment to be made toward the asset. On the other hand, the Company should include the $1 million legal fee in minimum lease payments since it is considered an initial direct cost made in connection with the leased property. Provision 2 The lease agreement includes a provision requiring a penalty payment if Big Bear’s bank declares it in default under its primary credit arrangement. This potential cost should be included in calculating minimum lease payments since a lack of predetermined criteria exists to determine default. Provision 3 The lease agreement stipulates Big Bear’s annual lease amount to be increased by the percentage increase in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Because the lease payments depend on the index, it must be included in the calculation of the minimum lease payment at the inception of the lease agreement. Basis for Conclusion Provision 1 In the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 840-10-25-5, minimum lease payments are â€Å"the payments that the lessee is obligated to make or can be required to make in connection with the leased property,† excluding contingent rentals, any guarantees of the lessor’s debt, and executory costs. Although negotiating fees incurred by Big Bear Power are not executory costs, the fees toward its external legal counsel are considered non-obligatory in nature and should be expensed. In contrast, legal fees paid by Big Bear Power on behalf of Goliath Co. an be categorized as initial direct costs under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 91. Being defined as such, they can be included in the general description of payments they are obligated to make in connection with the lease agreement. Provision 2 Big Bear Power is subject to default if there is a â€Å"material adverse change† in its financial cond ition. FASB ASC 840-10-25-14 provides guidance for default covenants relating to nonperformance and provides four conditions as follows: a. The default covenant provision is customary in leasing arrangements. b. The occurrence of the event of default is objectively determinable. c. Predefined criteria, related solely to the lessee and its operations, has been established for the determination of the event of default. d. It is reasonable to assume, based on the facts and circumstances that exist at lease inception, that the event of default will not occur. In applying this condition, it is expected that entities would consider recent trends in the lessee’s operations. The Codification states that if the lease agreement fails to meet all of these conditions, Big Bear Power must include the penalty in its minimum lease payments. As already stated in the information provided, condition (a) is met. Upon further analysis, condition (b) and (d) are also met—Big Bear’s bank is an objective third-party that will determine an occurrence of default, and Big Bear Power is financially strong with remote likelihood of default. While the facts imply that â€Å"material adverse change† is a predefined criterion to determine default, it is our contention that the lack of definition in the documents is sufficient evidence to not fulfill the third condition. Furthermore, the absence of a definition implies a lack of objectivity within the criteria; the phrase â€Å"material adverse change† provides no verifiable benchmark to which Big Bear Power can be examined through its operations, as mandated by the condition. Consequently, Big Bear Power should add the maximum amount of the penalty to the minimum lease payments. Provision 3 According to FASB ASC 840-10-25-4, the portion of lease payments that depends on an index, such as the Consumer Price Index(CPI), should be included in calculating minimum lease payments at lease inception. Big Bear’s lease payments are contingent on increases in the CPI, therefore it must follow this rule. The lease agreement states that Big Bear will pay $1 million per year, and the lease amount will change at each year-end by the increase in the index rate. Only the most recent CPI increase at inception will be included in minimum lease payments. Future increases in the index will not be included as they are considered a contingent rental. Analysis of Alternatives Provision 1 Alternative A debate of Provision 1 suggests that Big Bear Power should not include the $1 million in legal fees toward minimum lease payments. Initial direct costs may be considered transactions separate from the lease itself with benefits being realized at the time of exchange (International Accounting Standards Board [IASB], 2009). Their recognition as assets would be erroneous under this premise, and instead would require an immediate expense to the income statement. Still, it remains our team’s recommendation that the $1 million legal fees be treated as described, in accordance with the FASB’s logic behind fees closely-tied to a lease agreement. Provision 2 Alternative It can be contended that the required penalty payment under a declaration of default should not be included in the minimum lease payments. As stated, FASB ASC 840-10-25-14 provides four conditions, which, if all fulfilled, would not include the penalty in minimum lease payments. Based on those facts provided, and regardless of the definition behind â€Å"material adverse change†, it is arguable that a sufficient criterion exists to determine default. Furthermore, the criterion is established by a third-party with no relation to Goliath Company. This would fulfill condition (c). Provision 3 Alternative Alternative treatment of this provision would adjust minimum lease payments annually after 2005 for the annual increase in the Consumer Price Index. For example, if the lease payment in 2005 is $1 million and the most recent CPI increases by 4%, the lease payment would increase to $1,040,000 in 2006, and $1,081,600 in 2007. The reasoning for this approach is to more accurately measure the lease agreement for financial reporting. However, this method is not in agreement with FASB ASC 840-10-25-4, which states a lease dependent on an index should only include the index existing at lease inception when calculating minimum lease payments. References Financial Accounting Standards Board. (n. d. ). Accounting standards codification. Norwalk, CT: Financial Accounting Standards Board. Retrieved February 8, 2010. International Accounting Standards Board. (2009). IASB staff paper: leases – initial direct costs. London, United Kingdom: International Accounting Standards Board. Retrieved February 8, 2010. How to cite The Bear Minimum, Papers

Advanced composition evaluation Essay Example For Students

Advanced composition evaluation Essay This gradually fades in as M1 and M2 filter out and is passed between the instruments, the first diminishing as the other increases in loudness, creating a form of timbre modulation in which, where the timbres are dynamically balanced, a new instrumental sound may occur (P. 113, Cope, D. (1997) Techniques for the Contemporary Composer, Thompson Learning). This is an impressionistic characteristic displayed by Schoenberg in Farben. This technique is applied first between single instruments and then between combinations of instruments for a thicker layer of sound. It is important for the instruments to be played very softly through this passage, as tone colours are more suitable when fewer overtones are audible. For the finale of the piece M2 is re-established first on the trumpet; then on the clarinet, transposed down four semitones and set back a quaver rest; then on the flute, transposed down six semitones and set back a crotchet and a half. This causes different layers of instrument and random accented beats to occur. The texture and rhythm return to their original form as the clarinet and flute drop out and the piece ends with a final solo repetition of the motif on the trumpet. Jazz Piece My jazz piece was based on a number of classic jazz standards in the style of early jazz ballads such as The Way You Look Tonight, Fly Me to the Moon and Polkadots and Moonbeams, the basis of which is a good chord progression with a simple effective melody. I also included a walking bass line, a harmony to the melody, and strings with chords and a counter melody. The form of the piece, in accordance with many other standards, is A A B A. The chord sequence begins with C major, the key of the piece, and moves through a 1, 6, 2, 5 progression, then to E7, a secondary dominant, for a 3, 6, 2 progression. There is then a tritone substitution for a Bm7(b5), a step down to Bb7(b5), a perfect cadence to E7 setting up another perfect cadence to Am7, the first chord in A. The section begins with a 1, 6, 4, 2 with modulates key to a 2, 5, 1 for the C. There is then a 7, 6, 5, 4 (borrowed chord) run down to F#7 for a 5, 1 to Bm7. The B section begins with Bm7, does a 1, 4 to an E7 dominant substitute, then a 5, 1 to Amaj7, then to Dmaj7, then a major to minor substitution to Dm7, then a 2, 5, 1 to C, followed by a run down to Am7. The A section begins with a 1, 3 to C7, followed by a 5, 1 to Fmaj7, a major to minor substation to Fm, a step down to Em, then a 3, 6, 2, 5, 1 frustrated modulation turnaround and a 1, 5 turnaround in the repeat bar. Techniques used in Jazz chord progressions have inspired ranges of artists from The Beatles and Stevie Wonder, with their happy to sad key changes in Yesterday and You Are the Sunshine of my Life respectively; to Oasis, with their 5, 1 build up in the bridge of Dont Look Back in Anger. Use of tritone, secondary dominant, and major to minor substitutions creates more effective chord and key changes. The walking bass line uses some standard appropriate jazz techniques. The first and third beats of the bar are usually root or 5th notes of the scales; the second beat is a 3rd, extension note or other note from the chord or scale; and the fourth beat is a passing note, one which is a semitone above or below the first note of the next bar, and gives the bass line its jazzy sound. The first 4 bars of the soprano saxophone melody determine the primary motif, a simple melody where the downward, conjunct movement is balanced by upwards interval jumps. .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5 , .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5 .postImageUrl , .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5 , .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5:hover , .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5:visited , .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5:active { border:0!important; } .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5:active , .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5 .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue02e885f4fcefabaab57e1f2f0c560b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry in Literary Studies EssayBars 4-8 use the same motif, but transposed up a 3rd and with variety at the end. Bars 9-12 use rhythmic elements from the original motif, and incorporate off beat and on beat accents. At bar 16 the melody returns to the original motif, but instead of dropping, rises in pitch to a more distinct point of arrival. At bar 17, the beginning of the B section, a new 2 bar motif is established; then repeated three times, a step down each time until the third repetition, which has different melodic motion. Bars 25-28 use a variant on the 2nd motif, repeated identically three times, over different chords. The piece finishes with a melodic frustrated cadence to the root note. The alto saxophone plays a direct harmony to the melody. The pitch of the harmony part is kept below that of the melody, to keep the two lines distinctly separate, and to avoid any semitone clashes. The 1st violin plays counter melodies over the long notes in the melody, and with the 2nd violin and viola, creates long flowing chords over the rest of the piece. Examples of phrase transition (bars 4-8) can be seen in Polkadots and Moonbeams, Like Someone in Love and Fly Me to the Moon; examples of single bar transpositions can be seen in All the things You Are and The way you Look Tonight; an example of a 2 bar motif repetition over modulating chords can be seen in My Funny Valentine. Bibliography Davis, R. (1999) Complete Guide to Film Scoring, Berklee Press Schoenberg, A. (1967) Fundamentals of Modern Composition, Faber Faber Ltd Cope, D. (1997) Techniques of the Contemporary Composer, Thompson Learning Potter, K. (2000) Four Musical Minimalists, Cambridge University Press Appendix You Are the Sunshine of My Life Stevie Wonder Yesterday Lennon/McCartney All The Things You Are Hammersmith/Kern Polkadots and Moonbeams Van Heusen/Burke My Funny Valentine Hart/Rodgers Like Someone in Love Van Heusen/Burke Fly Me to the Moon Howard The Way You Look Tonight The Rite of Spring Stravinsky Farben Schoenberg New York Counterpoint: Movement 2 Reich.

Poem 1-A Poison Tree (Conflict Poetry) Flashcard

Poem 1-A Poison Tree (Conflict Poetry)

Respiration Lab Report Essays

Respiration Lab Report Essays Respiration Lab Report Essay Respiration Lab Report Essay All organisms need to breath. They have pathways that are organic molecules and capture In their TAP. Some of these organisms need oxygen to do this but not all of them require It. Organic carbon molecules are the energy source, and for waste Is carbon doodle (CO) and water (H2O). CO can combine with water to form carbonic acid during cellular respiration. Phenolphthalein can be used to help detect any changes in pH because of production of CO during cellular respiration. Phenolphthalein usually appears clear or colorless in acidic solutions, and red in basic solutions. Procedures: In the first lab, seven test tubes were attained and six of them were filled with the solutions that were listed (An Private, Mages, Naif, Glucose, Water, and yeast suspension). The last test tube was filled with water. After they were filled with the solutions they were Incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for about forty minutes. After the forty minutes passed take the test tubes and measure the height of the bubbles that formed in millimeters. For the second lab, attain three beakers, and fill them each with 75 ml of the culture solution provided. Obtain the three organisms (fish and elodea) one beaker will be used as a control beaker. Obtain the volume of each organism by filling a graduated cylinder with 25 ml of water and noting if there is an increase in volume above the 25 ml line. Record volumes in table. After placing the organisms in their proper beakers cover each beaker with plastic film or Petri dish. Cover the beaker containing the elodea with a coffee can or aluminum. Allow them to respire for about fifteen minutes. After fifteen minutes remove the organisms from the beakers and return them to their Orlando bowls. Add four drops of phenolphthalein to each beaker. Obtain a burette and add Noah drop by drop. MIX the contents thoroughly. Record amount of Noah in millimeters on the table. How much phenolphthalein was required to make the solutions turn pink. Do this for all beakers. Results: In the first lab we had four of the seven test tubes produce carbon dioxide. Test tubes one, four, and seven did not produce carbon dioxide. Test tubes two, three, five and six produced carbon dioxide. For lab two, the fish and the elodea produced the same amount of respirations, or respired at the same rate. The amount of Noah to reach the end point was different, the first beaker was twelve ml above that of the control beaker and the second beaker was four ml below the control beaker. Respiration Rate per ml Beaker 1: Fish ml 40 ml Beaker 2: Elodea 1 ml 28 ml 4 ml 4 ml Control Beakers 32 ml O O Discussion: 8 ml 8 ml The biggest source of error in this experiment was contamination in both experiments done. In the first it could have been that the beakers were not properly washed resulting in old solutions being left in them and being mixed with the new solutions. This could have caused the CO appearing when it should not have showed up or Just not showing up at the end. In the second experiment, having the phenolphthalein or the Noah being contaminated. This could have caused the end mint to be more or less than what it should have been. Another source of error could have been not allowing the experiments sit for the allotted time needed for the experiment to be completely finished. Conclusion: The purpose of these experiments I believe was accomplished, in the first lab CO was produced in most of the test tubes. In the second experiment, the CO was produced through respiration from the two specimen. This experiment helps with the everyday life because everybody breathes and produces CO and this helps have a clear understanding at the different ways it is produced.

Marketing Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Marketing Analysis - Essay Example Depending on the levels of planning and intensity of auctioning process, the auction can last for a few days or even months. This paper analyses the process of spectrum auctioning and the relevant terms used in the marketing and transfer of the spectrum rights. The paper presents an exploration of the practicality involved in auctioning process to the economy of any nation that involves itself in the process. Spectrum auctions involve the sale of several interrelated spectrum licenses at a single moment in the market. There is no specified theory that guides the process of spectrum auctioning. The procedures of designing the auction involve utilization of scientific skills rather than merely economic theories and approaches. However, in the designing of the auction, there is a need that the developers attach more economic value to the amount of revenues collected against the expenses of running the auction (Maarten, 96). This strategy means that the efficiency of the spectrum auction depends on the amounts of revenues, which governments target at the end of the procedures. The levels of efficiency are specifically important because auctions are a relatively more stable source of revenues for the governments, similar to taxation. There are arguments that relate to the aspects, with some of them proposing that there is no need for the governments to attach much efficiency to the process of spectrum auctioning. However, as economists, there is a need that costs of factors of production be compensated in the amounts of revenues collected. This is the reason for making this topic an area of relevance to the economists. According to Mike (93), open bids give a chance for the bidders to get valuable information from the market as it concerns the valuations. The accessed information helps to enhance effective assignment of

Environmental scanning report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental scanning report - Essay Example Recently, Paula Deen has been battling to rejuvenate her dented image in the public domain; you remember the racism lawsuit? Well, another blow complicating her positive attempts even further was right in the public hands. As New York Times reported, Paula Deen took to social media and most specifically the restaurant facebook page to inform the employees of their impending joblessness. Sure, this was the worst method of communicate about business closure in my lifetime. It is no doubt that in some cases, there are employees of the restaurant who got the information from family members or even friends; just think of how facebook posts can sometimes be viral. In a more open and objective judgment, Paula Deen violated the privacy of the restaurant employees. At least the management of the restaurant ought to have converged a meeting to pass the information to all its employees before taking to external media. In conclusion, employers should use the right channel of communication to pass information to their employees. Paula Deen’s style was a bad

The Positive Results and the Expansion of the Company Essay - 3

The Positive Results and the Expansion of the Company - Essay Example Looking at other management styles such as the strategy and democratic, there is a clear indication that the command and control belittle human beings. Kazmi (2008, pg401) asserts that strategists and Democrats in management are more open-minded in that they allow participation of the employees in the development of the organization. He also adds that, in the quest of having the best rules, there must be regular refining of the existing ones. Everyone should be involved in decision making geared to bring change is significant. In the video presentation by Job Stains (public conversation website, n.d.), attention is herein brought on the validity of a participative managing style rather than the command and control. He demonstrates that the mind of a human being works better when relaxed. Once threatened, hormones that would compel the person to revenge are produced. The person may just freeze just like in the military when soldiers are told to do so by their commander. The idea is tr ying to have a constructive conversation to work out properly. Just from the lecture, a good manager should have qualities that allow him to have the audacity to inquire. He should ask what went wrong and what should be done to attain stability. A dialogue formula is the best. Being innovative and proactive will help find solutions amicably. This means everybody will be satisfied, and respect will be upheld. There will be no hatred within the juniors and the superiors. The narrative therapists (Morgan, 2000) have it in mind that, for an appropriate management style, conversations are the key to achievement.

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Engineering Essay

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Engineering Essay This interim report consists of three chapters explaining the initial study and research into anti jerk control of hybrid electric vehicles. This project aims at electrification of anti-jerk control in hybrid vehicles by using the hybrid vehicle electric motor to damp these oscillations and to analyze its effect on fuel consumption, comfort and sportiness of the vehicle and then to compare the results with fuelling only method. This project will also include studying the impact of passive damping with DMF in these vehicles. As a part of this project, a model of a hybrid diesel engine driveline with DMF will be developed using Simulation X and an active feedback control for an electric motor will be designed to permit active damping of these oscillations. The results obtained from simulating the drivelines modeled using Simulation X will be observed for driveline vibrations with respect to the frequency range and also the range in which the jerking frequencies affect the passengers inside the vehicle so as to concentrate on it specifically leading to maximum reduction in jerking of driveline. The models so developed will then subjected to design modifications and investigation in accordance with the control strategies developed and affect of the same will be observed on all the drive train models with level of jerk control achieved. Finally Suggestions will be made on effect of electric motor on hybrid drive train in damping the driveline oscillations, fuel consumption and sportiness of the vehicle also comparing it with the conventional drive train models. Introduction In the age of technology where everyone is concentrating on improving the products by bringing in sophisticated technologies from cars to airplanes, we as human beings neglected the environment factor over the years. 20th century was called an industrial age and much technological advancement have been made in this era which revolutionized the whole world. One of the industries which is closely related to connect our daily life are automobiles. Automobiles have grown rapidly over the years with stiff competition among automotive manufacturers across the world. As the time passed by people become more demanding with their interests widening the automotive market and also the fact that automotive majors started delivering those demands. These technological improvements along with human comfort factors all of us forgot about the effect on environment. The number of vehicles on roads grew exponentially and consumption figures of petrol and diesel across the world increased drastically sending out alarm bells to search for alternate fuel technologies as the conventional petrol diesel were not only running out from their existence but also affecting the environment leading to considerable amount of CO2 emissions and further contributing to global warming. This future problem opened up opportunities for research in alternative fuel technologies leading to the development of Hybrid vehicles, Fuel cell technologies Hydrogen fuelled cars. Few of the alternate fuel vehicles are Toyota Prius hybrid, Honda Civic hybrid, Honda Insight etc which have received good response in the market in terms of performance as well as in reducing CO2 emissions and have successfully proved their presence in the market with their selling volumes and fuel savings. On a smaller level, these developments lead to further research in areas like DC/AC motors, fuel cells, battery pack technology, advanced controller design, power optimization and new concepts which can be used as alternate fuels. Problem Definition Commonly in every engine driven system issue of noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) comes along with it. Automotive manufacturers have always tried to maintain healthy comfort to performance ratio so as to attain maximum customer satisfaction. With respect to comfort of driving, the manufacturers main aims are to provide vibration free driving pleasure as much as possible and the same applied to hybrid electric vehicles. One such area of concern in drive line jerking which affects the overall drivability. Jerking is a kind of driveline oscillations which occurs due to excitation caused by sudden or huge variation in engine torque or driveline load. These excitations cause because of torsional vibration of drive train at high engine torques leading to unwanted longitudinal oscillations of passenger compartment which reduces the riding comfort and drivability. These oscillations have tendency to occur at low engine speeds which are experienced as unpleasant jerking effect by the drive r. Due to the fact diesel engines produce high torque at low engine speeds, makes these engines more prone to this problem. The area of concentration under this case is vibration frequencies ranging between 2- 10 Hz as human body is sensitive towards this frequency range causing unpleasant driving experience. These driveline oscillations majorly occur during tip in and tip out conditions. In conventional diesel engine vehicles methods like active control of fuel injection into engine and passive element such as dual mass flywheel are used to permit feed forward active as well as passive damping of these unpleasant oscillations in idle, tip-in/tip out and coast conditions. To achieve minimal amount of driveline oscillations, vehicle manufacturers have to compromise between comfort and performance of the vehicle. In diesel hybrids, the jerking can be controlled by varying fuel injection and electric motor torque control and also passively by an additional dual mass flywheel (DMF). Aims Objectives The aims and objectives of this project are: To develop a model with three different configurations of powertrain using Simulation X those are: Conventional diesel engine, Conventional diesel engine with DMF and finally hybrid power train with DMF. To study the effects of jerk in each individual power train configuration before developing the control strategy for anti jerk control. To electrify the anti jerk control in hybrid vehicles by using Crankshaft integrated stator/generator to damp the oscillations. To analyze the effect on fuel consumption, comfort and sportiness of the vehicle. To compare the results with conventional fuel control method. Literature Review Hybrid Electric Vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicle is the one which uses two or more sources of energy to propel the vehicle which consists of an internal combustion engine and electric motor power by batteries. Hybrid vehicles are of various types such as series hybrid, parallel hybrid and combination of series parallel and based on their hybridization factor they are categorized into micro, mild and full hybrids. Figure 1, below shows the typical power split type power train. Generally, hybrid power trains are costly to build due to its complexity but the costs are paid off against the running costs due to improved fuel efficiency. Regenerative braking plays an important role in conserving energy by charging the battery pack. Figure : Showing a Power Split Hybrid Powertrain Types of Hybrid vehicles based on drive train structure Parallel Hybrid In parallel hybrid vehicles, there are two parallel ways for transmitting power to the wheels of the vehicle; those are by engine and by electric drive, as shown in below figure 2. The transmission is coupled with the motor/generator and the engine, allowing either, or both, to power the wheels. Control architecture of parallel hybrid vehicles is more complex compared to a series hybrid due to the requirement of efficient coupling of the motor/generator and engine so as to maintain optimum drivability and performance. Figure : Parallel Hybrid Powertrain Operating modes available in parallel hybrid vehicles are: Engine only traction Electric only traction Hybrid traction Regenerative braking Series Hybrid In series hybrid there is only one way for transmitting power to the wheels of the vehicle, but consists two energy sources. As shown in figure 3, the conventional engine is coupled to a generator for charging the battery pack which provides electrical energy to a motor/generator to power the wheels via transmission. The motor/generator can also be used for recharging the battery during braking and deceleration. Figure : Series Hybrid Power train Operating modes available in series hybrid vehicles are: Electric only traction Electric traction battery charging Battery charging and no traction Regenerative braking Series-Parallel (combined) Hybrid electric vehicles A Series-Parallel (combined) hybrid vehicle has both the aspects Series and Parallel energy transfer paths. As shown in figure 5, a system consisting of motors and/or generators consisting of a gearing or power split device allows the engine to recharge the battery. Changes in this power train configuration can range from simple to very complex type depending on the number of motors /generators and their working terminology. These configurations can be called as Complex hybrids (such as the Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrids), Split-Parallel hybrids, or Power-Split hybrids. Figure : Series-Parallel (Combined) Hybrid Power train Driveline Jerking Driveline jerking also called as driveline oscillations can occur due to many different factors such as load changes, gear shifting and also the condition of the road. In recent times, direct injection diesel engines with extensive refinement of components and significant weight reduction in driveline lead to the problem of driveline jerking. Also with advancement in diesel engine technology over the years, output torque of these diesel engines has risen tremendously for passenger cars effecting the comfort and drivability. The problem with high engine torque is, it causes torsion of driveline due to the gear ratios of the final drive causing the torsion at drive shafts which in turn causes whole power train to oscillate with combined effect of vehicle jerking. Figure 5, shown below show the measurements on a test car caused by tip in behavior in which driver suddenly steps on the throttle combined with high torque gradient and tip out condition, the back out maneuver. Figure : Engine torque and engine speed for tip in and tip out maneuvers. Though the oscillations caused by engine speed are somewhat absorbed by engine mounts but the oscillations due to wheel speed is responsible for horizontal vibrations of the vehicles longitudinal acceleration affecting the performance of the vehicle which is experienced directly by passengers. To restrain these oscillations affecting the comfort and drivabilityfor the passengers, damping of these driveline oscillations is necessary which is referred to as Anti Jerk Control. The oscillations leading to power train jerking in conventional power train can be categorized by the Eigen frequencies of following driveline components: Torsion of shafts causes pitching and jerking due to suspension system, mass of the vehicle and damping. The range of frequency for this cause lies between 2 5 Hz. Also, we know that the natural frequency of the vehicle with respect to pitch motion is lies between 1 2.5 Hz. The frequency of oscillations caused by engine movement and mounts lies in the range of 15 200 Hz. The vibration due to gearbox assembly lies in the frequency range of 50-80 Hz. There are oscillation depending upon the type of engine, no. of cylinders, engine speed and also the combustion process shown in below figure Table : showcasing different engine types and their Eigen frequencies Engine Type Multiples of Eigen Frequency 4-Cylinder ,R4, 4-Stroke 2,4,6,8,10 6-Cylinder,R4, 4-stroke 3,6,9 6-Cylinder,V60,4-Stroke 1,5, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,5, 9 6-Cylinder,V90,4-Stroke 1,5, 3, 4,5, 7,5, 9 12-Cylinder, V60, 4-Stroke 6,12 From the above categorization of the components and their respective Eigen frequencies, the main aim is to narrow down on the components leading to vibrations which are felt by passengers majorly and to minimize the level of vibrations by designing model based predictive control strategy while retaining the performance of the vehicle as much as possible. Hybrid Vehicle Design The power train which has been considered for testing the jerking behavior and the anti jerk control strategy to be designed is shown in the below figure 6. This power train is one of the possible hybrid vehicle architecture consisting of I.C engine, CISG (Crankshaft Integrated Starter/ Generator), Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF), Clutch, Gearbox assembly , High voltage battery pack and power electronics. Figure : Hybrid Vehicle architecture In operation, at lower rpm the vehicle acts as pure electric vehicle powered by the on board battery pack and at higher rpm, both electric drive and I.C engine together produce required power by the vehicle. The percentage of power transmission sharing to propel the vehicle plays an important role in determining fuel efficiency. Design Considerations The components and factors which play important role in hybrid electric vehicle design shown in figure 6 are: Engine design and selection: The I.C engine as in conventional power train plays an important role in hybrid vehicles. Generally, engines designed for hybrid vehicles are smaller in size compared to conventional vehicles. Though the design selection of the engine is completely based on the power requirements of the vehicle. Crankshaft integrated starter/generator (CISG): The starter/generator is device which is controlled electronically. It combines both the functions of a conventional starter and generator into a one single unit. The motive of single CISG unit is replacing the starter as a single entity which is passive in nature; need to replace the old fashioned belt and pulley type connection between the alternator the engine. Also to replace the modern day rotor wound alternators with slip rings and brushes. The integrated starter/generator works as a bi-directional device which converts electrical energy to mechanical work and vice versa. As a electric motor, it assists in starting the I.C engine without any noise and also much quicker than conventional starter. As a generator it produces power required for electrical components of the vehicle and is also used to charge the batteries. Commonly integrated starter/generator is placed between engine and gearbox assembly. The main operating features of ISG are it enables stat/stop, onboard power generation and acts as power assist when required. Figure : Integrated Starter / Generator. Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF): Dual mass flywheel consists of two flywheels connected by long arc travel springs located between I.C engine and clutch or transmission. The first DMF was introduced for the automotive industry in 1985. At that time non lubricated dampers were used consisting of heavy springs which were problematic. Then there was breakthrough in the DMF technology and arc spring type dampers was introduced in 1989 solving almost all the problems which were caused by DMF earlier. Due to the high cost of this product not everyone was interested but was used in large vehicles. Though DMF is a passive driveline element, it has been proven that DMF reduces torsional vibrations to certain extent and plays an important role in anti jerk control of hybrid vehicles also. The operating performance of DMF can be characterized by the spring rate and its damping characteristics. The dual mass flywheel consists of following important characteristics: Primary and secondary inertias. The torsion damper rate. And the damping characteristic. Advantages of using DMF in conventional power train are: Segregation of torsional vibrations: we know that, torsional vibrations are caused by torque fluctuations. A vehicle is a kind of vibrating system with all the components like engine, transmission, drive shafts etc all contributing to the cause. Below figure 8, shows the simple driveline model so as to observe vibration behaviour. In this case engine and transmission are supposed as rotating inertia connected by springs. The spring C2 represents the spring damper characteristics and spring C3 showing the stiffness of the drive train. Figure : Drive train with vibration modes. Figure 9 shown below depicts the fluctuations in vehicle speed and in this case damped resonance occurs at around 1700 rpm. The main aim of DMF is to sideline the vibrations occurring from the engine as far as possible from the rest of the driveline components. Also the figure compares the difference between the extents of vibrations in a conventional drive train compared to one fitted with dual mass flywheel. Dual mass flywheel efficiently reduces the engine vibrations and reduces gear rattle, helps in saving the fuel consumption and also improves driving comfort. Figure : Comparison of vibration damping in a conventional drive train to the one with DMF Transmission assistance: As DMF is said to reduce the engine vibrations, it has positive effect on the transmission system as the stress induced will be significantly less compared to a compared drive line increasing the transmission efficiency and cycle life. Crank shaft assistance: In a conventional power train, we know that flywheel and clutch are connected to engine crankshaft rigidly and due to the inertia of the flywheel high reaction forces are developed on the crankshaft. But in case of DMF, the secondary flywheel can be neglected for bending load case as it connected loosely to the primary flywheel by torsional damper and roller bearings which practically dont allow high transferable reactive forces. The primary flywheel is significantly lighter in weight, more elastic in nature compared to conventional flywheel. Battery pack design and selection: The main criteria in battery design and selection depend upon the capacity, the output characteristics based on type of battery pack to be used, cycle life, cost, scope of reusability and whether recyclable on not. The size and weight of the battery pack depends on the capacity requirement. If capacity is high, more will be size and weight of the battery pack. In fact, battery pack design plays a very important role as the performance of the vehicle is dependent on the overall weight of the vehicle. In case battery pack is heavier, this would have direct impact on the power consumed to propel the vehicle which is set to rise with increase in battery weight and will also reduce the operating range of the vehicle. Figure : Typical Battery pack arrangement Electric Motor: Generally AC, DC and PMDC electric motors are used in hybrid vehicle depending upon the requirement and usage. In automotive industry, certain motor specifications are not acceptable due to their inability to meet the specific requirements such as power rating at peak load conditions, continuous power supply, volumetric power density, cost, efficiency, weight, lifetime, level of protection against water and dust. Gear box assembly: In hybrid vehicles, mostly a power splitter device is used which is consists of planetary gear set allowing power flow from two power generating sources to propel the vehicle. The I.C engine is generally connected to Sun gear while electric motor is connected to the planet gear. Clutch: It is found in every vehicle with manual gearbox. Though the use of clutch varies from one hybrid drive train to another depending the gearbox being used as most of the hybrid power trains use automatic transmission which dont require clutch. The main purpose of clutch is to assist the vehicle starting off from stand still position as it compensates for the speed difference between engine and the driveline and slips on to synchronize both. Clutch also used to engage and disengages engine from the transmission while gear shifting takes place. Modelling Approach Procedure of work Power train jerking in hybrid vehicles is majorly due to engine electric motor torque changes during tip in and tips out operations. For investigating the problem of jerking for a hybrid vehicle, certain steps have been laid out for modeling the power train in five different steps which are in below figure 9 to observe and analyze each case individually with root cause: Figure : Modelling Procedure Basic Driveline Equations Engine: The engine output torque is expressed by the driving torque (Te) generated from combustion , friction torque (Tfric,e) and the external load from clutch (Tc) .By Newtons second law of motion, we can achieve the following model: Where Je is the mass of inertia of the engine, is the crank angular acceleration. Clutch: Generally a friction type clutch is installed in vehicles with manual transmission connecting to the engine flywheel and input shaft of the transmission. During clutch engagement if we assume no internal friction, Tc = Tt can be obtained. Then the torque transmitted is function of angular difference (ÃŽÂ ±cs ÃŽÂ ±c) and angular velocity difference ( ) resulting in: Figure : vehicle driveline with corresponding angle and torque labels. Transmission: A transmission consists of a gear set each with a different operating ratio it leading to relation between input and output torque Where Tp is the transmission output and Tfric is the internal friction torque of the transmission. Propeller shaft: The shaft which connects the transmissions output to the final drive unit in which no friction is assumed which gives us Tp = Tf , resulting in model for torque input to final drive Final Drive: final drive can be considered as a final ratio if as for the transmission leading to input and output torque relation Drive Shafts: The shafts which connect wheels to the final drive are called drive shafts. It can be assumed that both the wheels are rotating at same speed ( ). Ignoring the vehicle dynamics, the wheel speed shall be equal to speed of vehicle bodys centre of gravity. Therefore, drive shafts can be modelled as one shaft. Wheels: The forces acting on a vehicle with mass (m) and velocity (v) the longitudinal forces (FL)acting on the vehicle gives Rolling resistance (Rr) = f*m*g and Aerodynamic drag (Ra) =1/2*Af*Cd*à Ã‚ *V2. Where, m=mass of the vehicle, g=gravity constant, f=0.015(co-efficient of rolling resistance), Rr=rolling resistance, Ra=aerodynamic drag, Af=cross sectional area, Cd=coefficient of drag, density (à Ã‚ ), V=velocity. The drive line model can be expressed as a system consisting of rotating lumped inertias, compliances, damping losses, input torque and loads acting due to environmental resistive forces. A simple 2 degree of freedom model (fig 10) is sufficient to show the first torsional mode of vibrations which lead to jerking of vehicle. Figure : Free body diagram of a conventional driveline Where, Teng = engine torque, road load = Tload , e = engine speed, v = vehicle speed, Je = mass moment of inertia, be = viscous friction, r = final drive ratio, Ks CS = drive shafts flexibility, Cw = damper, vehicle inertia = Jv. Hybrid Power train Model As discussed earlier in report, the hybrid power train consists of additional components compared to conventional type which include electric motor, batteries, power electronics which form together the electric drive unit of the vehicle. Engine: Engine in hybrid power train plays a very important role in terms of fuel savings and vehicle assist. An engine model to be used for hybrid power train must be considered for following issues: The engine model must produce desired torque output irrespective of operating conditions. The engines dynamic behaviour leading to torque fluctuations generates drive line vibrations which in turn affects the driver comfort. As engine is not quick enough to respond to control actions implemented externally, the response delay can have significant affect on the vehicles performance. Engine can be modeled in many different ways depending upon the level of complexity required and the availability of parameters which can later be used for validating the inputs. The basic equation of engine model has been already discussed earlier which can be applied for the hybrid power train model also. Electric Motor/ Controller: The electric traction motor and controller consume the power from the onboard energy storage device like battery to provide the power source so as to generate the required torque for vehicle propulsion. The electric motor can also be used as starter/alternator or as a generator to recover energy during braking which can be used to charge batteries. The traction motor model can be described by following equations: Where idr , iqr are d,q axis rotor current respectively; ids ,iqs are d, q axis primary current respectively; Lm, is mutual inductance; Lr , LJ are resolved rotor, stator inductance respectively; P are poles; Rr, Rs are resolved rotor, stator resistance respectively, ohms; Vds Vqs are d, q axis primary voltage respectively, V; ÃŽÂ »dr and ÃŽÂ »qr are d, q axis rotor equivalent flux respectively, V-sec; ÃŽÂ »ds and ÃŽÂ »qs are d,q axis stator equivalent flux respectively, V-sec; à Ã¢â‚¬ °e is synchronous frequency, rps ; à Ã¢â‚¬ °r is rotor frequency, rps; , is rotor acceleration, rps2; Ts is electric motor torque, Nm. The limiting torque of the motor can be expressed by: Where à Ã¢â‚¬ °b, is motor base speed, rpm; à Ã¢â‚¬ °m is mechanical motor speed, rpm; Prated is the rater motor power, hp; Trated is the rated motor torque, Nm; Tm is mechanical motor torque, Nm. In addition to this, equations of motion for DC electric machine are: Where is the torque output of the machine proportional to the armature current, e is the back emf of the machine is proportional to the velocity of the rotor Drive Shaft: The drive shaft plays very important role in the drive train for transmitting the torque and rotation. They are subjected high torsion and shear stresses and therefore must have must have high stiffness. Below shown in the drive modelled using lumped inertias and their corresponding basic equations TDS =KDS (ÃŽÂ ¸T ÃŽÂ ¸W) + CDS (T W) Wheels: The forces acting on a vehicle with mass (m) and velocity (v) the longitudinal forces (Fe)acting on the vehicle gives Stationary model of the vehicle assuming all forces act through the centre of gravity and only in longitudinal direction. Gears: Assuming no losses in transmission the basic equation for gearing is But in reality there are viscous losses, sealing bearings drag contact friction. Losses vary with gear change but can be modelled as a loss torque tl acting on the transmission input shaft there can be shown as: Capacitor: It is device which stores energy an can be modelled by current equation Battery: Batteries are characterized by energy density, C-rating, cycle life, thermal run away and variations in temperature. Table below shows the comparison among different types of batteries with their technical specifications available in the market for HEV applications Property Lead Acid NiMH Lithium Cell Voltage Volts 2 1.2 3.6 Energy Density WH/Kg 30-40 50-80 100-200 Power Density W/Kg 100-200 100-500 500-8000 Maximum Discharge Rate 6 -10C 15C 100C Useful Capacity DOD% 50 50-80 80 Charge Efficiency % 60-80 70-90 ~100 Self Discharge %/Month 3-4 30 2-10 Temperature Range  °C -40 +60 -30 +60 -40 +60 Cycle Life Cycles 600-900 >1000 >2000 Micro-cycle Tolerant Deteriorates Yes Yes Robust (Over/Under Voltage) Yes Yes Needs BMS Cost per kWH  £100  £170  £150 Target A basic battery model might include an open circuit voltage and internal resistance Rc and Rd SOC Calculation: SOCic = initial SOC of the battery (assume 1; fully charged) Ibat = battery current that can be both positive and negative Qbat = battery capacity (Ah), needs converting to A.s for the simulation Simulation Tool Simulation X Simulation X is a multi domain program for modeling and simulation created by ITI GmbH. Some of its main features and capabilities are: Enables high level modelling platform for complex systems. Integrated with CAE design tool Over 30 standard industry specific libraries including automotive. Development of user specific libraries based on standard ones. Object oriented modelling language for simple and efficient modelling. Implementation of user based C code through external sources. Provides interface between various software available in market such as MATLAB/Simulink etc. Analysis tools available in Simulation X are: Transient Simulation: Capable of computing linear and non-linear models in the time domain. Steady State Simulation: Analyzing the models in periodic steady state condition dependent on a specific reference value. Linear System Analysis (Natural frequencies and mode shapes) : Efficiently generates damped and un damped natural frequencies of the complete system , time constants , eigen vectors, oscillations of state variables related to particular eigen frequencies. Linear System Analysis (Input Output Analysis): Enables linearization in the current operating point , analysis, export of state space matrices Modelling in Simulation X The vehicle type selected for the analysis of jerking and its effects is a sport utility vehicle (SUV) powered by a diesel engine shown earlier in figure 6 consisting a conventional diesel engine with crankshaft integrated starter generator (CISG), a DMF, a transmission gear box, a clutch between the transmission and the DMF, differential as a part of conventional power train and high voltage battery pack with power electronics on board as electric drive unit for the vehicle. Creating simulation models for hybrid power train requires various components of power train such as mechanics, hydraulics, electronics and pneumatics including the control aspects involved.

A Comparison of Hemingway and Frederic in A Farewell to Arms Essay

Parallels Between Hemingway and Frederic in A Farewell to Arms      Ã‚  Ã‚   "All fiction is autobiographical, no matter how obscure from the author's experience it may be, marks of their life can be detected in any of their tales"(Bell, 17).   A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway is based largely on Hemingway's own personal experiences.   The main character of the novel, Frederic Henry, experiences many of the same situations that Hemingway lived.   Some of these similarities are exact, while some are less similar, and some events have a completely different outcome.  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois. Hemingway worked as a reporter for the Kansas City Star after graduating from high school in 1917.   During World War I, he served as an ambulance driver in the Italian infantry and was wounded just before his 19th birthday.   Hospitalized, Hemingway fell in love with an older nurse.   Later, while working in Paris as a correspondent for the Toronto Star, he became involved with the expatriate literary and artistic circle surrounding Gertrude Stein.   During the Spanish Civil War, Hemingway served as a correspondent on the loyalist side. He fought in World War II and then settled in Cuba in 1945. In 1954, Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.   After his expulsion from Cuba by the Castro regime, he moved to Idaho.   In his life, Hemingway married four times and wrote numerous essays, short stories and novels.   The effects of Hemingway's lifelo ng depressions, illnesses and accidents caught up with him. In July 1961, he committed suicide in Ketchum, Idaho.   What remains, are his works, the product of a talented author.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Farewell to Arms is the stor... ...est Hemingway: The Writer in Context. Ed. James Nagel. Madison: U of Wisconsin, 1984. Bloom, Harold. Introduction. Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1987. Donaldson, Scott. "Frederic Henry's Escape and the Pose of Passivity." Hemingway: A Revaluation. Ed. Donald R. Noble. Troy: Whitson, 1983. Lewis, Wyndham. Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Farewell to Arms. Ed. Jay Gellens. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1970. 56-64. Schneider, Daniel. "Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms: The Novel as Pure Poetry." Modern Fiction Studies, 14 (Autumn 1968): 283-96. Spanier, Sandra Whipple. "Hemingway's Unknown Soldier: Catherine Barkley, the Critics, and the Great War." New Essays on A Farewell to Arms. Ed. Scott Donaldson. New York: Cambridge U, 1990. Young, Philip. Ernest Hemingway. New York: Rinehart, 1952.